Ọkpụkpụ nke Axial na Ọkpụkpụ Appendicular

Ọgwụ
Topic: Ọkpụkpụ nke Axial na Ọkpụkpụ Appendicular
A na-ejikọta usoro skeletal ma ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ dị n'ime anụ mamma na akụkụ abụọ bụ isi. Ndị a bụ ọkpụkpụ axial na appendicular skeleton.
1. Ọkpụkpụ Axial
Ọkpụkpụ axial bụ nke okpokoro isi, kọlụm vertebral ma ọ bụ idé, ọgịrịga na sternum ma ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ ara.
i. Okpokoro Isi: Okpokoro anụ mammali nwere ọtụtụ ọkpụkpụ dị larịị bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ site na nkwonkwo akpọ sutures.
Akụkụ atọ bụ isi nke okpokoro isi bụ:
i. Igbe cranium ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ nke na-ejide ma ọ bụ nwere ụbụrụ.
ii. Ọkpụkpụ ihu nke na-akwado imi, anya na mọzụlụ nke ntì.
iii. Agba nke mejuputara n'agba elu (maxilla) na agbà ala (mandible) nke nwere ezé.
Ọrụ nke Okpokoro Isi
i. Ọ na-echebe ụbụrụ.
ii. Ọ na-enye isi udi.
iii. Ọ na-echebe akụkụ ahụ dị mkpa n'isi, dịka Anya, imi, ntị, wdg.
iv. Ọ na-ebu ezé nke na-enyere aka ịta nri.
ii. Ogidi Vertebral: Ogidi vertebral, nke a makwaara dị ka idé ma ọ bụ kọlụm spinal, bụ ntọala etiti nkwado nke ọkpụkpụ.
Ogidi anụ ahụ na-etolite idé nke anụmanụ vertebral ma na-echebe ọkpụkpụ azụ azụ. Ọ bụ otu ọkpụkpụ ise mejupụtara ya akpọ vertebrae (otu: vertebra) na mammals. N'ime mmadụ, ọ nwere 33 vertebrae. A na-ejide vertebrae otu n'aka ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ siri ike nwere paịlị cartilage na-agbakọ akpọ diski intervertebral n'etiti vertebrae na-esochi.
Na mammals, vertebrae ise dị iche iche bụ:
i. Carvical vertebrae - dị na mpaghara olu
ii. Thoracic vertebrae - dị na mpaghara obi
iii. Lumber vertebrae - dị n'elu afọ
iv Sacral vertebrae - dị na ala afọ
v. Caudal vertebrae - dị na mpaghara ọdụ.
iii. Ribs: Ọgịrịga ahụ bụ mkpanaka ogologo ọkara okirikiri na-ejikọta vertebrae thoracic na ọkpụkpụ ara (sternum). A na-achọta ya na mpaghara obi nke mammals. Enwere ọgịrịga iri na abụọ n'ime mmadụ yana ụzọ iri na atọ na oke bekee. Ọkpụkpụ ahụ onu nke ọgịrịga kpụrụ na-echebe ngụgụ na obi. Ọ na-enyekwara aka iku ume.
A ahụkarị ọgịrịga mejupụtara a isi (nke dabara n'etiti vertebrae thoracic na-esote), a olu na akụkụ bụ isi, ogwe. Ọgịrịga ọ bụla na-egosipụta vertebra thoracic site na usoro abụọ: capitulum nke na-akọwapụta akụkụ nke etiti vertebrae abụọ dị nso na tuberculum (tubercle) nke na-akọwapụta ya. a transverse usoro.
Abụọ ụzọ asaa mbụ nke ọgịrịga ahụ bụ akpọ ezi ọgịrịga n'ihi na ejikọtara ya na sternum n'ihu (ventrally) site na cartilages ọnụ. Abụọ ụzọ ise nke ọgịrịga na-esote bụ akpọ ọgịrịga ụgha n'ihi na nke asatọ, nke itoolu na nke iri nke ọgịrịga nwere a njikọ nkịtị na sternum, nke ọ bụla na-ejikọta ya na cartilage costal. Ụzọ nke iri na otu na nke iri na abụọ bụ akpọ ọgịrịga na-ese n'elu mmiri n'ihi na ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na sternum.
2. Ọkpụkpụ mkpirisi
Ọkpụkpụ ihe eji eme ya bụ eriri ụkwụ (pectoral and pelvic gedles) na akụkụ (ụkwụ ihu na azụ azụ).
i. Ọkpụkpụ Pectoral: A na-ahụ eriri pectoral gburugburu ubu n'ime mmadụ. A na-eme ya na ọkara abụọ nke akwara na-ejide ya. A na-eji ọkpụkpụ atọ mee ọkara nke ọ bụla n'úkwù ahụ. Ọkpụkpụ ndị a bụ (i) scapula ma ọ bụ ubu (ii) ọkpụkpụ clavicle ma ọ bụ olu na (iii) coracoid.
N'ime anụ mammals, a na-ejikọta scapula na coracoid iji mepụta ihe bụ akpọ scapula-coracoid. Ihe kpatara scapula a ọkpụkpụ triangular dị larịị. N'okpuru bụ a oghere ma ọ bụ oghere akpọ oghere glenoid nke isi humerus dabara n'ime ya iji mepụta nkwonkwo ubu. N'elu oghere glenoid dị a obere ọkpụkpụ yiri nko akpọ ọkpụkpụ coracoid. N'elu elu nke scapula, e nwere oke ma ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ azụ akpọ ọkpụkpụ azụ scapular. Ọ na-agbaba na oghere glenoid. Ọkpụkpụ scapula na-ejedebe na ntule abụọ nke acromion na metacromion. Acromion dị mkpụmkpụ karịa metacromion nke ka ukwuu. clavicle bụ a obere mkpanaka ọkpụkpụ jikọtara ya a ligament na-ejikọta sternum na acromion nke scapular.
Ọkpụkpụ pectorial karịsịa n'elu scapula, usoro abụọ ahụ na ọkpụkpụ azụ dị mkpa maka ntinye nke mọzụlụ na ligaments. Akara pectoral na-enyekwa nkwado siri ike maka akụkụ aka (ogwe aka).
ii. Ọkpụkpụ pelvic: A na-ahụ eriri pelvic n'úkwù n'ime mmadụ. Ọ nwere akụkụ abụọ nke jikọtara onwe ya na ventrally na sacrum azụ azụ. Ahịrị nke ngwakọta nke halves abụọ bụ akpọ pubis symphysis. Ọkara ọ bụla bụ akpọ ọkpụkpụ na-enweghị atụ. Nkera nke ọ bụla bụ ọkpụkpụ atọ bụ (i) ilium (ii) ischium na (iii) pubis. A na-ejikọta ha ọnụ.
N'elu bụ ilium nke kachasị na nke kachasị ogologo n'ime ọkpụkpụ atọ. Na njedebe ala bụ ọkpụkpụ jikọtara ọnụ - ischium na pubis. The ischium na pubis na-emechi oghere ma ọ bụ a oghere akpọ obturator foramen. Ọ bụ site na oghere a ka akwara, arịa ọbara na mọzụlụ na-agafe. N'elu nke ọzọ nke ọkara nke ọ bụla n'úkwù ebe ọkpụkpụ atọ na-ezute, e nwere a miri emi oghere ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi akpọ acetabulum ebe isi femur nke azụ azụ na-adaba iji mepụta nkwonkwo hip, ihe atụ nke bọọlụ na nkwonkwo oghere.
iii. Ụkwụ: Ọkpụkpụ ụkwụ na-eji ụkwụ aka (ọkpụkpụ aka) na ụkwụ azụ (ọkpụkpụ ụkwụ). A na-ewu akụkụ ụkwụ nke ọtụtụ vertebrates n'otu aka ahụ isi atụmatụ, ya bụ, pentadactyl atụmatụ akụkụ aka (5-atụmatụ mkpụrụọnụọgụgụ). Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ a ogologo ọkpụkpụ sochiri ya a ụzọ abụọ ogologo ọkpụkpụ nke dina n'akụkụ.
A na-eso ụzọ abụọ nke ọkpụkpụ ogologo ogologo a a setịpụrụ obere ọkpụkpụ itoolu nke a na-ahazi n'ahịrị atọ. Obere ọkpụkpụ iteghete na-eso nkeji ise. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọ bụla bụ obere ọkpụkpụ mebere akpọ phalanges.
iv. The Fore Limb: Akụkụ ihu nke anụ ehi, dịka oke bekee bụ ọkpụkpụ ogwe aka elu nke bụ a ogologo ọkpụkpụ akpọ humerus. O nwere a isi gbara gburugburu nke dabara ma na-ekwupụta ya na oghere glenoid nke scapula nke eriri pectoral nke ubu nke nkwonkwo ubu.
Ngwunye ala nke humerus na-ejedebe a grooved-puley - dị ka elu akpọ trochlea. Na trochleas, humerus na-akọwapụta ya na radius na ulna iji mepụta nkwonkwo ikpere.
A na-esote humerus ọkpụkpụ nke aka aka. Ọkpụkpụ ihu ogwe aka bụ radius na ulna. Radius bụ a ogologo ọkpụkpụ. Ọ dabere n'ihu ulna ma na-agbagọ ntakịrị. Ulna dị ogologo karịa radius. O nwere a oghere akpọ oghere sigmoid. The trochlea nke humerus dabara n'ime oghere a. Ulna na-arụkwa ọrụ azụ ka ọ mepụta a ntule akpọ usoro olecranon. Ọkpụkpụ radius/ulna na-esote ọkpụkpụ nke nkwojiaka bụ nke e ji obere ọkpụkpụ itoolu ahazi n'ahịrị atọ. Ọkpụkpụ ndị a bụ akpọ ozu.
Proximally (n'ihu), carpals na-ekwu na radius-ulna na dixtally na ọkpụkpụ nke digits. Ọkpụkpụ nkwojiaka na-esochi ọkpụkpụ nke ọnụọgụgụ. Ọkpụkpụ ọnụọgụ dị ise ma ha dị akpọ mkpịsị aka, ha na-ezo aka dị ka phalanges. N'ime mmadụ ọnụọgụ ọ bụla nwere phalanges atọ ma ewezuga isi mkpịsị aka nke nwere phalanges abụọ. Na oke bekee, phalanges na-ejedebe na mkpịsị aka.
v. Ọkpụkpụ azụ: Ọkpụkpụ azụ nke anụ mamma dịka oke bekee bụ ọkpụkpụ apata ụkwụ mejupụtara akpọ femur. Femur bụ ọkpụkpụ kachasị na nke kachasị ike n'ime ahụ. A na-agba ya gburugburu na njedebe dị nso ka ọ pụta a isi nke dabara na acetabulum nke eriri pelvic iji mepụta a nkwonkwo hip. Na nso isi nke femur bụ amụma atọ akpọ trochanters. Ha dị mkpa maka ntinye nke mọzụlụ. N'ebe dị anya nke femur bụ nobs abụọ gbara okirikiri akpọ condyles. Ha na-ekwu na ọkpụkpụ tibia. N'etiti condyles abụọ bụ a ihe nkpịpị dị ka ụkwụ. Ọkpụkpụ abụọ mejupụtara shank ahụ akpọ tibia na fibula ma a na-ejikọta ya na oke bekee ka ọ bụrụ ihe akpọ tibio-fabula. Tibia dị ogologo ma buru ibu karịa fibula. N'ebe dị nso ya, e nwere oghere abụọ nke condyles nke femur na-adaba n'ime ya. Fibula bụ a obere ọkpụkpụ nke dina n'èzí tibia. Ọ bụ n'efu na njedebe ya dị nso mana ejikọta ya na tibia na njedebe dị anya. A na-ahụ nkwonkwo ikpere na nkwụsị nke femur na tibia. N'ihu nkwonkwo a bụ a obere ọkpụkpụ okirikiri akpọ patella ma ọ bụ okpu ikpere. Ọkpụkpụ isii mejupụtara nkwonkwo ụkwụ ya akpọ tarsal. Tarsal dị n'ime na-arụ ọrụ azụ azụ iji mepụta ọkpụkpụ ikiri ụkwụ. Ụkwụ oke bekee nwere ọnụọgụ anọ akpọ metatarsal. Ọnụọgụ ọ bụla bụ phalanges atọ. phalanges ikpeazụ na-ebu mkpịsị aka. Ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ gụnyere mmadụ nwere metatarsal ise.